Which principle ensures that no individual can exercise authority over others without legal backing?

The principle that ensures no individual can exercise authority over others without legal backing is the rule of law. This principle holds that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law, which means that power is exercised in accordance with pre-established and publicly available laws. The rule of law serves as a safeguard against arbitrary governance, ensuring that rights and responsibilities are defined and that legal processes are followed.

In this context, the other principles mentioned have different focuses. The separation of powers divides government responsibilities among different branches to prevent any single branch from gaining too much power, while checks and balances are mechanisms that allow each branch of government to limit the powers of the others, ensuring that authority is exercised judiciously and within constitutional boundaries. Delegated powers refer to specific powers granted to government officials or bodies, which also require a legal framework but do not embody the overarching principle that no authority can exist without legal justification.