What does the term "checks and balances" specifically prevent?

The term "checks and balances" refers to the system established by the U.S. Constitution that ensures no single branch of government—executive, legislative, or judicial—can dominate or misuse power. Each branch has specific powers that can limit the actions of the others, promoting a balance among them.

For example, the legislative branch can create laws, but the executive branch has the power to veto those laws, and the judicial branch can strike down laws that it finds unconstitutional. This system is central to maintaining the democratic structure and protecting the rights of citizens by preventing the concentration of power, which could lead to tyranny.

The other options do not accurately reflect the essence of checks and balances. Judicial review is a power granted to the courts to assess the legality of legislative and executive actions, not something that is prevented. The concept doesn't explicitly prevent federal laws from being enacted or state laws from conflicting; rather, it ensures that any laws passed respect constitutional principles and do not allow for unchecked governmental authority.